C# Static Class Example

In C#, a static is a keyward that is used with fields, methods, properties and classes when we make these members static they are globally accessble in all over the application.

C# Static Class Example

Static Fields:

Static fields are those fields that are accessible all over the application. When you want to access a field in all over the application with out creating instances of class we make it static.so static data members are declared using static keyword and they are directly accessed by using the class name.

    • Here, in below example of static type field

    • public - Here, below public is access modifier.

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static fields

    • int - int is data type

    • fruitPrice - fruitPrice is a vairable name

      • Here, in below example of accessing static type field

    • int value = Fruit.fruitPrice; - In this code, Fruit is class name that we directly used for accesssing the static field (fruitPrice) then string it into int type vairable

Static Fields: Example

public class Fruit
{
public static int fruitPrice = 42;
}

// Access the static field fruitPrice

int value = Fruit.fruitPrice;

Static Methods:

A Static method is also accessible all over the application globally. When we want that a method will be accessible in all over the application with creating the instance of class then we make it static.

    • Here, in below example of static method

    • public - Here, below public is access modifier.

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static method.

    • int - int is data type

    • Add(int a, int b) - Add(int a, int b) have two int type variable that he is receving and making sum of two number.

      • Here, in below example of call static method

    • int result = MathUtils.Add(5, 3); - In this code, MathUtils is class name that we directly used for calling the static method Add(5, 3).

Static Methods: Example

public class MathUtils
{
public static int Add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
}

// Call the static method

int result = MathUtils.Add(5, 3);

Rules for Static Methods

  • 1. Accessibility Modifiers

    Static methods can have access modifiers (e.g., public, private) that determine their visibility outside the class

  • 2. Inheritance:

    Static methods are not polymorphic. You cannot override a static method in a derived class; however, you can hide it by declaring a static method with the same name.

  • 3. No this Keyword:

    Inside a static method, you cannot use the this keyword since there is no instance context.

  • 4. Calling:

    You can call static methods using the class name, or from other static methods within the same class without needing to specify the class name.

  • 5. No Access to Instance Members:

    Static methods cannot access instance variables or instance methods directly. They can only interact with static members.

Static Properties:

Static properties provide access to data that is associated with the class itself globally. They are used similarly to static fields but can have custom getter and setter logic.

    • Here, in below example of static data member

    • private - Here, below public is access modifier.

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static fields

    • string - string is data type

    • _fruitName; - _fruitName; is a local variable name

      • Here, in below example of static properties

    • private - Here, below public is access modifier.

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static fields

    • string - string is data type

    • FruitName; - FruitName is a name of property

    • get { return _fruitName;} - FruitName is a getting the value of _fruitName name variable.

    • set { _fruitName = value; } - FruitName is setting the value of _fruitName name variable.

      • Here, in below example of accessing and setting the static property

    • Fruit.FruitName = "Mango"; - In this code, We are setting the FruitName property

    • string fruitname = Fruit.FruitName; - In this code, We are getting the value of FruitName property and storing it into string _fruitname variable.

Static Properties: Example

public class Fruit
{
private static string _fruitName;
public static string FruitName
{
get { return _fruitName;}
set { _fruitName = value; }
}
}

// Access and set the static property

Fruit.FruitName = "Mango";
string fruitname = Fruit.FruitName;

Static Constructors:

A non-static class can contain a zero-argument static constructor. It can be defined with the static keyword and without access modifiers like public, private, and protected.

    • Here, in below example of static type field

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static constructor.

    • Fruit() - int is a name of constructor.

Static Constructors: Example

public class Fruit
{

// static constructor

static Fruit()
{

// Initialization code for static members

}

// instance constructor

public Fruit()
{

// Initialization code for non-static members

}
}

Above, the non-static class Fruit contains a static constructor and also a non-static constructor. When first time the instance of Fruit class will create then static constructor will be called only once time. But when we will create 2nd time intance of Fruit class then static constructor willl not call and only non-static constructor will call

Static Constructors: Example

// First static constructor and then instance constructor called

Fruit sw1 = new Fruit();

// only instance constructor called

Fruit sw2 = new Fruit();

Rules for Static Constructors

  • 1. Declaration

    A static constructor is defined with the static keyword and does not have any parameters.

  • 2. Initialization Timing:

    It is called automatically before any static members are accessed or any instance of the class is created.

  • 3. Single Invocation:

    The static constructor is called only once per type, regardless of how many instances of the class are created.

  • 4. No Parameters:

    They cannot take parameters, which means they can’t be overloaded.

  • 5. Inheritance:

    If a derived class has a static constructor, the base class's static constructor is called first.

Static Classes:

Static keyword is used to defines static class and it can not be instantiated. Set the static modifier before the class name and after the access modifier to make a class static.

    • Here, in below example of static classes

    • public - Here, below public is access modifier.

    • static - static is keword that is used to declare and initialized static fields

    • void - void it does not have any return type.

    • FruitColor() - FruitColor() is a static method.

      • Here, in below example of accessing static class method

    • Fruit.FruitColor(); - In this code, Fruit is static class that we directly used for accesssing the static FruitColor() method

Static Classes:Example

public static class Fruit
{
public static void FruitColor()
{
// ...
}
}

// Usage of a static class method

Fruit.FruitColor();

Rules for Static Class

  • 1. Declaration

    A static class must be declared using the static keyword.

  • 2. Static Members:

    All members (methods, properties, fields) of a static class must also be static.

  • 3. Instantiation:

    Static classes cannot be instantiated; you cannot create an object of a static class.

  • 4. Instance Members:

    Static classes cannot contain instance members (non-static fields or methods).

  • 5. Static Methods:

    A static class can contain static methods, which can be called without creating an instance.

  • 5. Static Constructor:

    A static class can have a static constructor for initialization purposes, which is called automatically before any static members are accessed.

  • 5. Accessibility:

    Static classes are sealed class and therefore, cannot be inherited. A static class cannot inherit from other classes.

Static Classes: Example

In below example, we have static Fruit class which have FruitPrice, FruitName and FruitIsInMarket static data members respectively. We have a AddFruit static method. We also have a property with named of FruitSession. We have Fruit() a static constructor. Fruit.FruitName is syntax of accessing staitc data member of static class. Fruit.AddFruit(10, 35); is syntax of calling static method inside static class.

Fruit.FruitSession = "Summer"; is syntax of assinging a value to static propery of static class.

using System;
class CSharpProgram
{
static void Main(string[] arge)
{

// Access the static field

int price = Fruit.FruitPrice;
string name = Fruit.FruitName;
bool isMarket = Fruit.FruitIsInMarket;

// Call the static method

int result = Fruit.AddFruit(10, 35);

// Access and set the static property

Fruit.FruitSession = "Summer";
string fruitSessionType = Fruit.FruitSession;

// Call the static method

Console.WriteLine("Fruit Name: " + name + " Fruit Price:" + price + " Fruit is Seasonal:" + isMarket);
Console.WriteLine("Fruit Price Sum: " + result);
Console.WriteLine("Fruit Season is: " + fruitSessionType);
}
}
public static class Fruit
{

// Static Fields

public static int FruitPrice;
public static string FruitName;
public static bool FruitIsInMarket;

// Static Method

public static int AddFruit(int price1, int price2)
{
return price1 + price2;
}

// Static Property

private static string? _fruitsession;
public static string? FruitSession
{
get { return _fruitsession; }
set { _fruitsession = value; }
}

// Static Constructor

static Fruit()
{

// Initialization code for static members

FruitPrice = 60;
FruitName = "Mango";
FruitIsInMarket = true;
}
}


Output

Fruit Name: Mango Fruit Price:60 Fruit is Seasonal:True
Fruit Price Sum: 45
Fruit Season is: Summer

Summary

When we use keyword static with class it means that this class, and it's methods, properties, fields, constructor and destructor are accessible globally in whole application.

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